Chester Barnard Essay Example For Students

Chester Barnard Essay Chester Barnard, a president of the new Jersey Bell Telephone Company, help advance thinkingabout organizations when he published The Functions of the Executive in 1938. Barnard give us a much more realistic view of what really goes on in formal organization. According to Barnard individual have only a limited amount of power. A person can do only so much when acting alone. Barnard theorizes that there are two ways to measure this new cooperation. The first is effectiveness, which is social in character and the second is efficiency, which relates to the satisfaction of individual matters and is more personal in nature. Barnard contribution comes in the areas of communication, decision making, and authority. Barnards four conditions need to be met in order for an individual to accept a communication as authoritative. First , the person must understand the communication, second, at the time of his or her decision, that person must believe that what is to be done is consistent with the purpose of the organization, third at the time of his or her decision, that personal interest and fourth that person is mentally and physically able to comply with the communication. Biographies

Risk Factors for Deliberate Self

Introduction Deliberate self-harm is one of the fields in research that have received little attention from scholars and academicians in general. This is despite the fact that this behavior is becoming more evident among youths and especially college going students.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Risk Factors for Deliberate Self-Harm among College Students: Article Review specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More There are several factors that have been identified by the few studies that have been conducted in this field as being the major causes of this kind of behavior. It is against this backdrop that three scholars from the University of Massachusetts at Boston carried out a self-report study that sought to identify and analyze the risk factors behind deliberate self-harm among college students in the United States of America. This is a review of the article that the three scholars (Gratz, Conrad Roemer, 2002) wrot e to report on the findings of their study. This review will specifically address three aspects of the article and the study that is reported therein. The first will be the construct of the investigation, where the operationalization of the construct will be addressed. The second will be the methods used in the study, with specific analysis of the research design, the independent and dependent variables. The last will be the results of the study, where an outline of the statistical methods that the three scholars used will be analyzed. Construct of the Investigation In a study, a construct can be viewed as the concept that the study revolves around, or the concept that is addressed by the study. The researcher conceptualizes the construct by refining it and rendering it a conceptual and theoretical definition (Atkinson, 2008). After conceptualization, the researcher then goes ahead and conducts operationalization of the construct. Here, the investigator makes the conceptual definiti on of the construct more specific by creating a link between it and an indicator (Atkinson, 2008).Advertising Looking for report on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In Gratz, Conrad Roemer (2002), the construct of their study is â€Å"deliberate self-harm† among college students. This is the concept that is addressed by this study. They conceptualize this construct as the â€Å"deliberate, direct destruction or alteration of body tissue† (Gratz et al, 2002: p128) where the individual harbors no conscious intent to commit suicide. This action on the part of the individual leads to injuries that may be so severe as to cause tissue damage. Gratz et al (2002) operationalize their construct by linking it to several indicators that they refer to as the risk factors to deliberate self-harm. The investigators operationalize deliberate self-harm by making the assertion that it is the kind of outcome that is li kely to be brought about by four risk factors in the life of the individual. These are childhood separation and loss, physical and sexual abuse in childhood, quality of attachment to caregivers and dissociation (Gratz et al, 2002: p130). Methods used in the Study Gratz et al (2002) used a self-report design to carry out their study. This is whereby the respondents were given questionnaires to complete on their own. The questionnaires contained questions designed to make the respondents report on their opinions, views and status regarding several attributes that the researchers were interested in (Atkinson, 2008).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Risk Factors for Deliberate Self-Harm among College Students: Article Review specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As far as the research design of the study is concerned, the three scholars used a sample of 133 students drawn from undergraduate psychology courses in the univ ersity (Gratz et al, 2002). The participants were given a questionnaire with several measures to complete. These included the deliberate self-harm inventory measure, the abuse and perpetration inventory, the disruptions in attachment survey, the parental bonding index among others (Gratz et al, 2002). The study also had both independent and dependent variables. The independent variable in the study is â€Å"deliberate self-harm† among the respondents. The independent variable in this case is attribute in nature. This is given the fact that the researchers did not manipulate it during the study (Atkinson, 2008). The study has four dependent variables or criterion measures. These are the risk factors that the researchers identify as the ones leading to deliberate self-harm. These are childhood physical and sexual abuse, childhood separation and loss, perceived quality of attachment to caregivers and finally, dissociation (Gratz et al, 2002: p130). Results of the Study One of th e significant findings of this study is the prevalence of self-harm among the respondents. 38 percent of the students reported that they had a history of self-harm (Gratz et al, 2002: p132). Several statistical methods were used by the three investigators in this study. This included correlational analysis to determine the link between deliberate self-harm frequency and each of the four risk factors that had been identified. Most of the risk factors that had been identified were found to be significantly correlated with the frequency of deliberate self-harm (Gratz et al, 2002).Advertising Looking for report on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The scholars also carried out a multiple regression analysis to determine the unique predictive value of each of the identified risk factors. Other variables within this model were controlled. The risk factors were found to be significantly related to deliberate self-harm among the respondents. Conclusion This review focused on the article reporting the findings of a self-report study carried out by three scholars from the University of Massachusetts at Boston. The scholars were interested in the analysis of risk factors for deliberate self-harm among college students in the United States of America, taking the university as their sample group. The scholars identified four risk factors and designed a study aimed at finding out the relationship between them and deliberate self-harm. These were childhood abuse, dissociation, childhood separation and loss, and attachment to caregivers such as parents. References Atkinson, R. L. (2008). Essentials of social research. 2nd ed. New York: F ree Press. Gratz, K. L., Conrad, S. D., Roemer, L. (2002). Risk factors for deliberate self-harm among college student. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 72(1), 128-140. This report on Risk Factors for Deliberate Self-Harm among College Students: Article Review was written and submitted by user Scarlett N. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Hawker Typhoon in World War II

Hawker Typhoon in World War II A troubled aircraft in its early days, the Hawker Typhoon became a critical part of the Allied air forces as World War II (1939-1945) progressed. Initially envisioned as mid- to high-altitude interceptor, early Typhoons suffered from a variety of performance issues that could not be rectified to allow it to achieve success in this role. Initially introduced as a high-speed, low-altitude interceptor in 1941, the following year the type began transitioning to ground-attack missions. Highly successful in this role, the Typhoon played a critical part in the Allied advance across Western Europe. Background In early 1937, as his previous design, the Hawker Hurricane was entering production, Sydney Camm commenced work on its successor. The chief designer at Hawker Aircraft, Camm based his new fighter around the Napier Sabre engine which was capable of around 2,200 hp. A year later, his efforts found a demand when the Air Ministry issued Specification F.18/37 which called for a fighter designed around either the Sabre or the Rolls-Royce Vulture. Concerned about the reliability of the new Sabre engine, Camm created two designs, the N and R which centered on the Napier and Rolls-Royce power plants respectively. The Napier-powered design later received the name Typhoon while the Rolls-Royce-powered aircraft was dubbed Tornado. Though the Tornado design flew first, its performance proved disappointing and the project was later cancelled. Design To accommodate Napier Sabre, the Typhoon design featured a distinctive chin-mounted radiator. Camms initial design utilized unusually thick wings which created a stable gun platform and allowed for ample fuel capacity. In constructing the fuselage, Hawker employed a mix of techniques including duralumin and steel tubes forward and a flush-riveted, semi-monocoque structure aft. The aircrafts initial armament consisted of twelve .30 cal. machine guns (Typhoon IA) but was later switched to four, belt-fed 20 mm Hispano Mk II cannon (Typhoon IB). Work on the new fighter continued after the beginning of World War II in September 1939. On February 24, 1940, the first Typhoon prototype took to skies with test pilot Philip Lucas at the controls. Development Problems Testing continued until May 9 when the prototype suffered an in-flight structural failure where the forward and rear fuselage met. Despite this, Lucas successfully landed the aircraft in a feat that later earned him the George Medal. Six days later, the Typhoon program suffered a setback when Lord Beaverbrook, Minister of Aircraft Production, proclaimed that wartime production should focus on the Hurricane, Supermarine Spitfire, Armstrong-Whitworth Whitley, Bristol Blenheim, and Vickers Wellington. Due to the delays imposed by this decision, a second Typhoon prototype did not fly until May 3, 1941. In flight testing, the Typhoon failed to live up to Hawkers expectations. Imagined as a mid- to high-altitude interceptor, its performance fell off quickly above 20,000 feet and Napier Sabre continued to prove unreliable. Hawker Typhoon - Specifications General Length: 31 ft., 11.5 in.Wingspan: 41 ft., 7 in.Height: 15 ft., 4 in.Wing Area: 279 sq. ft.Empty Weight: 8,840 lbs.Loaded Weight: 11,400 lbs.Maximum Takeoff Weight: 13,250 lbs.Crew: 1 Performance Maximum Speed: 412 mphRange: 510 milesRate of Climb: 2,740 ft./min.Service Ceiling: 35,200 ft.Power Plant: Napier Sabre IIA, IIB or IIC liquid-cooled H-24 piston engine each​ Armament 4 Ãâ€" 20 mm Hispano M2 cannon8 Ãâ€" RP-3 unguided air-to-ground rockets2 Ãâ€" 500 lb. or 2 Ãâ€" 1,000 lb. bombs Problems Continue Despite these problems, the Typhoon was rushed into production that summer following the appearance of the Focke-Wulf Fw 190 which quickly proved superior to the Spitfire Mk.V. As Hawkers plants were operating at near capacity, construction of the Typhoon was delegated to Gloster. Entering service with Nos. 56 and 609 Squadrons that fall, the Typhoon soon mounted a poor track record with several aircraft lost to structural failures and unknown causes. These issues were made worse by the seepage of carbon monoxide fumes into the cockpit. With the aircrafts future again under threat, Hawker spent much of 1942 working to improve the aircraft. Testing found that a problematic joint could lead to the Typhoons tail tearing away during flight. This was fixed by reinforcing the area with steel plates. In addition, as the Typhoons profile was similar to the Fw 190, it was the victim of several friendly fire incidents. To rectify this, the type was painted with high visibility black and white stripes under the wings. Early Combat In combat, the Typhoon proved effective in countering the Fw 190 particularly at lower altitudes. As a result, the Royal Air Force began mounting standing patrols of Typhoons along the southern coast of Britain. While many remained skeptical of the Typhoon, some, such as Squadron Leader Roland Beamont, recognized its merits and championed the type due to its speed and toughness. After testing at Boscombe Down in mid-1942, the Typhoon was cleared to carry two 500 lb. bombs. Subsequent experiments saw this doubled to two 1,000 lb. bombs a year later. As result, bomb-equipped Typhoons began reaching frontline squadrons in September 1942. Nicknamed Bombphoons, these aircraft began striking targets across the English Channel. An Unexpected Role Excelling in this role, the Typhoon soon saw the mounting of additional armor around the engine and cockpit as well as the installation of drop tanks to allow it to penetrate further into enemy territory. As operational squadrons honed their ground attack skills during 1943, efforts were made to incorporate RP3 rockets into the aircrafts arsenal. These proved successful and in September the first rocket-equipped Typhoons appeared. Capable of carrying eight RP3 rockets, this type of Typhoon soon became the backbone of the RAFs Second Tactical Air Force. Though the aircraft could switch between rockets and bombs, squadrons were typically specialized in one or the other to simplify supply lines. In early 1944, Typhoon squadrons commenced attacks against German communications and transportation targets in northwest Europe as a precursor to the Allied invasion. Ground Attack As the new Hawker Tempest fighter arrived on scene, the Typhoon was largely transitioned to the ground attack role. With the landing of Allied troops in Normandy on June 6, Typhoon squadrons began providing close support. RAF forward air controllers traveled with the ground forces and were able to call in Typhoon air support from squadrons loitering in the area. Striking with bombs, rockets, and cannon fire, Typhoon attacks had a debilitating effect on enemy morale. Playing a key role in the Normandy Campaign, the Supreme Allied Commander, General Dwight D. Eisenhower, later singled out the contributions the Typhoon made to the Allied victory. Shifting to bases in France, the Typhoon continued to provide support as Allied forces raced east. Later Service In December 1944, Typhoons helped turn the tide during the Battle of Bulge and mounted countless raids against German armored forces. As spring 1945 began, the aircraft provided support during Operation Varsity as Allied airborne forces landing east of the Rhine. In the wars final days, Typhoons sank the merchant vessels Cap Arcona, Thielbeck, and Deutschland in the Baltic Sea. Unknown to the RAF, Cap Arcona carried around 5,000 prisoners taken from German concentration camps. With the end of the war, the Typhoon was quickly retired from service with the RAF. During the course of its career, 3,317 Typhoons were built.

Operations Management - Discussion Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Operations Management - Discussion Paper - Essay Example The question of survival of the fittest has made the business organizations to increasingly take resort to the above strategy (Lawler and Worley, 2006, p.154-155). The paper endeavors to further divulge on the issue of gaining a new workforce at the cost of the existing people in a much detailed fashion. Maintenance of Stable Workforce within Organizations in Respect of Changing Markets The fact of changing market conditions impose challenges over the business organizations in regards to maintaining a stable workforce. It is found that to overcome the stress of external changes in the technological and competitive business sphere business organizations have shifted their endeavor to work for the development of the existing people to recruiting readymade skillful and productive workers from outside. Though it is held that retiring workers increases the turnover cost of the concerns yet it helps the concerns to strategize the development process of staffs to meet market demands. In ord er to compete with the technological and business development of its competitors the business concerns need to take in effective manpower that can be trained quite faster to help the organization counter market challenges. The policy of taking in new recruits and retiring the existing people in regards to market changes and opportunities is referred to as ‘travel light’ and was employed by Kodak when film technology shifted from chemical to digital. Chemical engineers were replaced by digital photography engineers (Lawler and Worley, 2006, p.154-156). Workforce Stability in Organizations based on Financial Position of the Concern It is observed that taking resort to the above discussed ‘travel light’ human resources policy endangers the business organization in regards to increasing the cost of human resources of the concern. The organization needs to both render immediate financial benefits to the retiring employees and also to invest quite enough to recru it and train the new workforce. Further the new workers need to be properly streamlined into the business process which requires enough time leading loss of productivity and thereby rise in business costs. Administrative costs also get highly tuned to such both in relation to rendering advertisements for recruiting and also in terms of generation of insurance, uniform and other costs for the new individuals. Again the new employees on failing to use the machineries in the right manner lead to increase in the cost of erosion of such. The time required for the new employees to be trained properly requires existing employees to perform the overtime work for which they are required to be rightly paid. This increases the cost of operations for the firm (Indicator Protocols Set: EC, 2006, p.7). Organizational Productivity in terms of Skills and Competition and Workforce Stability Organizations round the world in order to better compete with their competitors are found to take resort of ne wer and productive workforce based on new skill sets. However such practice of the business conc

The Benefits Of Diversity To British Society And As To How Such A Essay

The Benefits Of Diversity To British Society And As To How Such A Diverse Society May Cause Its Own Tension And Conflict - Essay Example The migration of people into Britain including work permit holders in 2003 was 119000. When the increase in the population was 2.2 million, 1.14 million was from abroad. Birmingham, Bradford, Leicester and Oldham have Pakistanis and Indians. French, Portuguese, Greeks, Poles and Zimbabweans make up smaller proportions of the foreign- born. However when the second generation who are citizens are considered, the number just swells (Wood et al, 2006, p. 2). The debate on the diversity issue is an ongoing one. Originally the issues dwelled on how many people Britain could accommodate as new citizens. The conservative right viewed immigration as a threat to the national perspective (Banting and Will, 2004). Tensions are possible in 2 situations: the â€Å"heterogeneity/redistribution† tension and the recognition/ redistribution. In the first, social policies are difficult to implement because of the difficulty in eliciting trust and national solidarity among the ethnic groups or different races. Occasionally the multiculturalism policies increase the tension between diversity and social solidarity. Both reduce the support for redistribution. A British sociologist, T.H.Marshall, believed that citizenship must possess a feeling of community and have the feelings of trust, reciprocity or mutual obligation. The immigrants having been awarded many social benefits called social citizenship, developed a national consciousness (1950, p.8) . Social capital is hindered by ethnicity issues. Trusting one’s neighbours and getting involved in the social networks supports the capacity for collective action (Putnam, 2000). It is difficult to earn the trust of minorities when compared to the majority; trusting across racial differences is a challenge. However other factors like income, gender, age and social spending appear to score over ethnicity. The level of social spending in ethnic diversity depends on the amount of economic development, age distribution of the

Workplace Health Safety (WHS) Guidelines

Workplace Health Safety (WHS) Guidelines Lachlan Donnet-Jones Introduction To provide effective patient care at a high standard it is necessary to use a clinical and systematic approach. The primary and secondary surveys are the centre of patient assessment. Primary assessment is a systematic approach to identifying critical and life threatening conditions and treating in order of severity. This includes complying with state clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) for workplace health and safety (WHS), infection control, airway management, manual handling and vital signs (AT Clinical Practice Guidelines, Protocol A0101, p. 1). Subsequent to management of life-threatening conditions the secondary survey is conducted. Secondary survey involves a thorough physical examination enacting a ‘head to toe’ approach including inspecting, palpation and auscultation using various tools at paramedic’s disposal (AT Clinical Practice Guidelines, Protocol A0101, p. 2). The clinical approach is applied to all patients as a basic level of care (AT Clinical Pr actice Guidelines, Protocol A0101, p. 3). Workplace Health Safety (WHS) The Work Health and Safety (WHS) Act, implemented by Safe Work Australia (2012), is a framework that aims to protect the health, safety and welfare of workers in their workplace. This includes both physical and psychological health. In Australia, the highest rate of serious injury claims is from muscular stress while lifting objects, a major component of the paramedic profession (Safe Work Australia, 2012). Paramedics are often in situations that can be demanding and potentially damaging of physical and mental health, this is why it is necessary to follow the WHS guidelines to avoid and minimise any negative outcome (Mistovich, 2010). Twedell and Pfrimmers’ (2009) article provides insight into the effectiveness of teamwork and communication specific to patient care. It states that ‘effective teamwork and communication can help prevent mistakes and decrease patient risk’ (p. 294 – 295). Other WHS considerations include; lifting and weight restrictions, biolo gical hazards, the use of personal protective equipment (PPE), bystanders and family members and environmental factors such as weather conditions (Mistovich, 2010). Infection Control Infection control is defined as ‘the process by which a disease is transmitted via micro-organisms from one person to another’ (Black, 2010). The Ambulance Service of New South Wales (ASNSW) infection control policy (2011) uses a two tier system. The first tier is called ‘standard precautions’. This is applied to all patients no matter the diagnosis, it is a blanket level of precautions used with every patient. The second tier is ‘additional precautions’, which is applied to specific patients who are suspected of having infectious disease communicable via droplet, airborne or skin contact. Multi resistant organisms (MROs) are bacteria and organisms that have developed a resistance to antimicrobial drugs. MROs, such as Multiple Drug Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) or Vancomycin Resistant Enterococci (VRE), can cause serious illness in infected persons and can potentially lead to death (ASNSW Skills Manual, p. 114). Infectious diseases can be avoided and infections such as MROs are preventable with proper infection control procedures and precautions (NSW Infection Control Policy, 2007). It is the responsibility of paramedics and health professionals alike to take the necessary precautions to prevent infectious disease from spreading in the best interest of the health and safety of patients, clinicians and the general public (National Health and Medical Research Council, 2010). In compliance with the AT clinical practice guidelines (2012), paramedics responding in the scenario are required to wear PPE in accordance with the standard precautions, which includes gloves and safety glasses with mask, vest and helmet when required (Skill A0101). With the presence of emesis and without appropriate infection control, potential illness maybe communicable by airborne transmission, such as gastroenteritis (Mandell et al, 2000). Manual Handling Manual handling is defined in the New South Wales (NSW) Health Policy Directive (2011) as ‘any activity requiring the force exerted by a person to lift, lower, push, pull, carry or otherwise move, hold or restrain any object, animal or person’. Manual handling injuries are considered a large and unnecessary burden on workplace health, as most incidents are preventable (NSW Health Policy Directive, 2011). The purpose of manual handling policies and regulations is to prevent or minimise the occurrence of manual handling incidents (NSW Health and Community Services Industry Reference Group, 2005). This is accomplished with the combined effort of employees and employers in identifying, assessing and controlling workplace risks and hazards, such as those of manual handling (NSW Health Policy Directive, 2011). The safe manual handling techniques and skills required in the scenario include planning, two person log roll and team lifting with safe lifting techniques (Ambulance Vi ctoria Clinical Work Instructions, 2001, Skill 5.1.1). The patient in the scenario presents as unconscious with emesis present, thus requiring to be placed in the lateral position using a two person log roll (Ambulance Tasmania Clinical Work Instructions, 2004, Skill 2.2.1). Subsequent to the initial treatment the patient is required to be lifted onto a stretcher to be placed into the ambulance for transport to the emergency department (ED). Ambulance Tasmania does not specify a safe lifting load other than the recommended load bearing provided by the equipment manufacturer e.g. Ferno (Ambulance Tasmania Clinical Work Instructions, 2007, p. 5.1.22). However, according to the National Code of Practice for Manual Handling (2005) anything heavier than 55 kilograms (kg) is considered too heavy for an individual to lift and would require mechanical assistance or a team lift. The patient in the scenario weighs approximately 120 kg, therefore requiring a four person lift (National Occupational Health and Safety Commission, 2005). Airway Management Upon arrival the patient is found in a supine position, appears to be hypoventilating (AT Clinical Practice Guidelines, Protocol A0103) and is unresponsive to all stimuli with a Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) of three (AT Clinical Practice Guidelines, Protocol A0104). AT Clinical Practice Guidelines (CPG) state that the patients respiratory rate of seven is considered dyspnoeic, and therefore inadequate. This requires the patient to be moved into a lateral position via log roll as this is the best position to manage the airway in an unconscious patient (AT Clinical Work Instructions, Skill 2.2.1; Jevon, 2008). The patient presents with emesis on his face and shirt suggesting that his airway may be compromised. Jevon (2008) explains that the most effective way to further examine an airway obstruction is the ‘Look, Listen and Feel’ approach, where the paramedic examines visible chest movements, audible breath sounds, abnormal noises, and palpable air flow from the nose and mouth. During the ‘Look, Listen and Feel’ airway examination it will become clear whether the obstruction is potential or actual, and partial or complete (Jevon, 2008). Additionally, the cyanosed lips and cool skin temperature of the patient would be noted. AT Clinical Work Instructions (CWI) states that paramedics are required to clear a patient’s airway with the removal of foreign bodies. It instructs the health professional to perform a triple airway manoeuvre, which consists of a head tilt, chin lift and jaw thrust, accompanied by the insertion of an artificial airway (AT Clinical Work Instructions, Skill 2.2.1). The scenario requires an artificial airway to maintain the patients’ airway, specifically an oropharyngeal airway adjunct would be used to suppress the tongue and any other upper airway obstructions (AT Clinical Work Instructions, Skill 2.2.3). The oropharyngeal adjunct (OPA) is a good initial adjunct to use, as it is simple to insert and does not cause bacteraemia (bacteria in blood) (Patel, 2012). The inherent disadvantages of using an OPA include using the wrong size, which can contribute to airway obstruction, rather than airway patency (Khan, Sharma and Kaul, 2011). OPA’s have the potential to provoke emesis that may further obstruct the patent airway. It may also cause damage to soft tissue in the patients’ mouth and lips during insertion (Ostermayer and Gausche-Hill, 2014). The OPA may potentially be inadequate in maintaining a patent airway, requiring paramedics to consider the use of an alternative airway adjunct to establish sufficient airway patency. Other airway adjuncts paramedics may consider include; a nasopharyngeal airway (NPA) applied via the nasal canals, laryngeal mask airway (LMA) that is orally inserted to cover the laryngeal inlet, or a endotracheal tube (ETT), inserted into the trachea, which is an intensive care paramedic (ICP) skill only and considered the gold standard of airway management (AT Clinical Practice Guidelines, Protocols A0301, A0302). The patient has gurgling respirations and may require manual airway clearance to remove obstructing substances, such as emesis. Using a yankaeur sucker, paramedics are able to suction the unwanted substances from in and around the OPA, therefore clearing the patients’ airway and eliminating the gurgling respirations (AV Clinical Work Instructions, Skill 2.2.6; ASNSW Clinical Protocol Guidelines, p. 101.7). Once a patent airway has been achieved it is necessary to provide manual ventilation as the patient respiratory rate is currently seven per minute, an insufficient level of oxygenation to sustain the cells in the body (AT Clinical Practice Guidelines, Protocol A0103). AT clinical practice guidelines indicate the use of a bag-valve-mask (BVM) to provide additional oxygen to the hypoventilating patient (AT Clinical Practice Guidelines, Protocol A0103). The BVM resuscitation following intubation is one of the most important steps for effective airway management (Gabbott and Baskett, 1997). Despite its effectiveness, using a BVM has disadvantages including; gastric distension, regurgitation, aspiration, barotrauma and hypotension (Gabbott and Baskett, 1997; ASNSW Skills Manual, p. 102.1.1). Gabbott and Baskett (1997) emphasise the dangers of gastric distension resuscitation as they found 28% of failed resuscitations presented with pulmonary aspiration as a result of gastric distension. Other patient care considerations Additional precautions include accounting for accidental hypothermia. The patient has been outside on the ground for an unknown amount of time during May, which has an average temperature of 10 degrees celcius but can drop to below zero degrees celcius (Weatherzone.com.au, 2014). Ulrich and Rathlev (2004) state that hypothermia is when a person’s body temperature drops below 35 degrees celcius. Contributing factors to hypothermia include drugs and alcohol, environmental factors (e.g. wind or rain), length of exposure and time of day (Ulrich and Rathlev, 2004). Hypothermia management includes; sheltering patient from the environment, removal of damp and wet clothing, drying with towels and wrapping patient in space blanket. If hypothermia is severe, warming fluid at a temperature of 37 – 42 degrees celcius should be given to patient (AT Clinical Practice Guidelines, Protocol A0901). Conclusion To ensure comprehensive patient care is delivered at a high standard of clinical skill and safety paramedics must adhere to certain principles and guidelines. The WHS, infection control and manual handling guidelines and protocols are the initial point of notice for patient and paramedic safety. The systematic patient management framework ensures paramedics thoroughly assess patients’ conditions in order of severity, identifying life threatening conditions first and responding with appropriate treatment.

Solar Cells theory

The consumption of the products grew enormously and therefore it is not surprising that we characterise today society as a consumption society. Nevertheless, it has become evident at the end of the 20th century that the philosophy of human rogress that has manifested itself in a huge production and consumption of goods has a negative side too. It has been recognized that a massive consumption of fossil fuels in order to fulfil the present energy demands has a negative impact on the environment.The deterioration of environment is a clear warning that the present realization of human progress has its limitations. The emerging international environmental consciousness was formulated in a concept of a sustainable human progress. The sustainable human progress is defined as: † to ensure that it sustainable development) meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs†l . A new challenge has emerged at the end of the 20th century that represents a search for and a utilization of new and sustainable energy sources.The urge of this challenge is underlined by limited resources of the fossil fuels on the Earth and increasing demand for energy production. This is the reason why the attention is turning to the renewable energy sources. Energy is an essence of any human activity. When we are interested in how he human civilization has been producing and using energy, we can describe it in terms of an energy system. The main characteristics of the energy system are: the population, the total consumption of energy, and the sources and forms of energy that people use.The energy system at the beginning of the 21st century is characterised by six billion people that live on the Earth and the total energy consumption of approximately 1. 3 x 1010 kW. World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED), Our Common Future, Oxford/New York: Oxford University Press (1987). 1. 2 Primary energy sources Figure 1. 1 presents an overview of the present primary energy sources 2. The primary energy sources can be divided in two groups. The first group includes those energy sources that will be exhausted by exploiting them.These energy sources are called the depleting energy sources and they are the fossil fuels and nuclear energy. The fossil fuels and nuclear power are the main source of energy in todays energy system and they supply 78% of the energy demand. Under the assumption that the population of mankind does not change drastically and it consumes energy at the urrent level, the fossil fuel reserves will be exhausted within 320 years and the nuclear energy within 260 years.